Speed (Average)

Average speed is the median speed achieved over the duration of an activity. Average speed would typically be used for longer distance runs and pacing.

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Normative values of average running speed for healthy subjects of different ages in marathon and half marathon races (excluding final 5.2% of race to avoid end spurt)

Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theodoros, Cuk, Ivan, Rosemann, Thomas, & Knechtle, Beat. (2019). Performance and Pacing of Age Groups in Half-Marathon and Marathon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101777

Perceived running speed on a treadmill - Participants who were blinded to the speedometer on the treadmill perceived themselves to be running at the same speed as their preferred overground speed, but it was in fact 27.1% lower, on average.

Kong, Pui W, Koh, Tze M.C, Tan, Wei C.R, & Wang, Yu S. (2012). Unmatched perception of speed when running overground and on a treadmill. Gait & Posture, 36(1), 46–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.01.001